local function assert_eq(actual, expected, msg)
  if actual ~= expected then
    error('assert_eq failed: ' .. msg)
  end
end

local function assert_true(cond, msg)
  if not cond then
    error('assert_true failed: ' .. msg)
  end
end

local function assert_false(cond, msg)
  if cond then
    error('assert_false failed: ' .. msg)
  end
end

-- Helpers for multi-return tests

local function ret_nil_one()
  return nil, 1
end

local function ret_false_one()
  return false, 1
end

local function ret_zero_one()
  return 0, 1
end

local function ret_emptystr_one()
  return "", 1
end

local function ret_tbl_one()
  return {}, 1
end

local function ret_one_two()
  return 1, 2
end

-- 1. Basic boolean/nil

assert_false(false, "false must be falsey")
assert_true(true, "true must be truthy")
assert_false(nil, "nil must be falsey")

-- 2. Numbers: all numbers are truthy

assert_true(0, "0 must be truthy")
assert_true(1, "1 must be truthy")
assert_true(-1, "-1 must be truthy")
assert_true(0.0, "0.0 must be truthy")
assert_true(-0.0, "-0.0 must be truthy")

-- 3. Strings: empty and non-empty strings are truthy

assert_true("", "empty string must be truthy")
assert_true("0", '"0" must be truthy')
assert_true("a", '"a" must be truthy')

-- 4. Tables: empty and non-empty tables are truthy

assert_true({}, "empty table must be truthy")
assert_true({1}, "non-empty table must be truthy")

-- 5. Functions are truthy

local fn = function() end

assert_true(fn, "function must be truthy")
assert_true(function() end, "function must be truthy")

-- 6. Multi-return: only the first value determines truthiness

if ret_nil_one() then
  error("ret_nil_one() must be falsey (first result nil)")
end

if ret_false_one() then
  error("ret_false_one() must be falsey (first result false)")
end

if not ret_zero_one() then
  error("ret_zero_one() must be truthy (first result 0)")
end

if not ret_emptystr_one() then
  error("ret_emptystr_one() must be truthy (first result empty string)")
end

if not ret_tbl_one() then
  error("ret_tbl_one() must be truthy (first result table)")
end

-- 7. `and`/`or` short-circuiting and value returns

-- 7.1. `and` returns first falsey value, otherwise last value

assert_eq((true and 2), 2, "and: true and 2 -> 2")
assert_eq((false and 2), false, "and: false and 2 -> false")
assert_eq((nil and 2), nil, "and: nil and 2 -> nil")
assert_eq((0 and "x"), "x", "and: 0 and 'x' -> 'x' (0 is truthy)")

-- 7.2. `or` returns first truthy value, otherwise last value

assert_eq((false or 3), 3, "or: false or 3 -> 3")
assert_eq((nil or 3), 3, "or: nil or 3 -> 3")
assert_eq((0 or 3), 0, "or: 0 or 3 -> 0 (0 is truthy)")
assert_eq(("" or "x"), "", "or: '' or 'x' -> '' ('' is truthy)")

-- 7.3. Multi-return: operand evaluation yields first value

assert_eq((true and ret_one_two()), 1,
  "and: true and (1,2) yields first result 1")

assert_eq((false or ret_one_two()), 1,
  "or: false or (1,2) yields first result 1")

-- 8. Litmus tests involving tables and `and`/`or`

-- {} and 2 or 3 -> 2
-- {} or 2 and 3 -> {} (because {} is truthy, or returns left operand)

local t = {}

assert_eq((t and 2 or 3), 2, "{} and 2 or 3 must be 2")

-- `v` should be the same table reference `t`

local v = (t or 2 and 3)

assert_true(type(v) == "table",
  "{} or 2 and 3 must return the table (truthy left operand)")

-- changing `t` reflects in `v` (same reference)

t.key = "ok"

assert_eq(v.key, "ok",
  "{} or 2 and 3 returns original table reference")

-- 9. `if`/`while` with truthiness

local ran_if_truthy = false

if {} then
  ran_if_truthy = true
end

assert_true(ran_if_truthy, "if {} must run branch")

local ran_if_falsey = false

if nil then
  ran_if_falsey = true
end

assert_false(ran_if_falsey, "if nil must not run branch")

-- `while` must stop only on `false`/`nil`

local n = 0

local function next_or_nil()
  n = n + 1

  if n <= 2 then
    return 0
    -- 0 truthy -> loop two times
  end

  return nil -- stop
end

local count = 0

while next_or_nil() do
  count = count + 1
end

assert_eq(count, 2,
  "while should loop while condition is truthy")

-- 10. Short-circuit evaluation (no RHS evaluation when not needed)

local side = 0

local function bump()
  side = side + 1
  return true
end

-- For `true or bump()` RHS must not be evaluated

local s0 = side
local _ = (true or bump())

assert_eq(side, s0, "or short-circuit must avoid RHS when LHS truthy")

-- For `false and bump()` RHS must not be evaluated

local _ = (false and bump())

assert_eq(side, s0, "and short-circuit must avoid RHS when LHS falsey")

-- 11. Multi-return short-circuit

local function falsy_pair()
  return nil, "x"
end

local function truthy_pair()
  return 1, "x"
end

-- `or`: pick RHS only when LHS falsey (first result)

local s1 = (falsy_pair() or 5)

assert_eq(s1, 5, "or should see falsy first result and evaluate RHS")

local s2 = (truthy_pair() or 5)

assert_eq(s2, 1, "or should return first result of LHS when truthy")